解剖学和形态学
麻醉学
听力与言语-语言病理学
行为科学
心脏和心血管系统
细胞和组织工程学
临床神经病学
危重症监护医学
牙科,口腔外科和医学
皮肤病学
急诊医学
内分泌学和新陈代谢
肠胃学和肝脏学
老人病学和老年医学
卫生保健科学和服务
血液学
免疫学
传染病
综合和补充性医学
医学伦理学
医学信息学
医学实验室技术
医学,全科和内科
医学,法律
医学,研究和试验
神经系统科学
护理
营养学和饮食学
产科医学和妇科医学
肿瘤学
眼科学
整形外科学
耳鼻喉科学
病理学
儿科学
周围血管疾病
药理学和药剂学
生理学
基本医疗保健
精神病学
公共、环境和职业卫生
放射学,核医学和医学成像
康复学
生殖生物学
呼吸系统
风湿病学
运动科学
外科学
毒理学
热带医学
泌尿学和肾脏学
病毒学
老年医学
健康政策和服务
心理学,临床
abstract::Prokaryotic expression systems are superior in producing valuable recombinant proteins, enzymes and therapeutic products. Conventional microbial technology is evolving gradually and amalgamated with advanced technologies in order to give rise to improved processes for the production of metabolites, recombinant biophar...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1084264
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Filamentous fungi play an important role not only in the bio-manufacturing of value-added products, but also in bioenergy and environmental research. The bioprocess manipulation of filamentous fungi is more difficult than that of other microbial species because of their different pellet morphologies and the presence o...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2015.1084262
更新日期:2016-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Natural cellular microenvironment consists of spatiotemporal gradients of multiple physical (e.g. extracellular matrix stiffness, porosity and stress/strain) and chemical cues (e.g. morphogens), which play important roles in regulating cell behaviors including spreading, proliferation, migration, differentiation and a...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.993588
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Abiotic stress has become a challenge to food security due to occurrences of climate change and environmental degradation. Plants initiate molecular, cellular and physiological changes to respond and adapt to various types of abiotic stress. Understanding of plant response mechanisms will aid in strategies aimed at im...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.973367
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::α-d-Galactosidases (EC 3.2.1.22) are enzymes employed in a number of useful bio-based applications. We have depicted a comprehensive general survey of α-d-galactosidases from different origin with special emphasis on marine example(s). The structures of natural α-galactosyl containing compounds are described. In addit...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.949618
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Experimental design is a form of process analysis in which certain factors are selected to obtain the desired responses of interest. It may also be used for the determination of the effects of various independent factors on a dependent factor. The bioengineering discipline includes many different areas of scientific i...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.973014
更新日期:2016-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The Vitamin K series, particularly menaquinone, have been attracting research attention, due to the potential in reducing both osteoporosis and cardiovascular diseases. This review provides an overview of the types of vitamin K and their health benefits. This is followed by a critical review of the various biotechnolo...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.832142
更新日期:2015-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cross-linked enzyme aggregate (CLEA) technology has been regarded as an effective carrier-free immobilization method. This method is very attractive due to its simplicity and robustness, as well as for the possibility of using the crude enzyme extract and the opportunity to co-immobilize multiple different enzymes. Th...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.795516
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Human body harbors diverse microbes, the main components include bacteria, eukaryotes and viruses. Emerging evidences show that the human microbiota is intrinsically linked with overall health. The development of next-generation sequencing provides an unprecedented opportunity to investigate the complex microbial comm...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.819485
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::The beneficial effects of endophytes on plant growth are important for agricultural ecosystems because they reduce the need for fertilizers and decrease soil and water pollution while compensating for environmental perturbations. Endophytic fungi are a novel source of bioactive secondary metabolites; moreover, recentl...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.800018
更新日期:2015-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Over the past few decades, a considerable attention has been focused on the microbial polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) owing to its multifaceted properties, i.e. biodegradability, biocompatibility, non-toxicity and thermo-plasticity. This article presents a critical review of the foregoing research, current trends and fut...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.913548
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form widespread symbiotic associations with 80% of known land plants. They play a major role in plant nutrition, growth, water absorption, nutrient cycling and protection from pathogens, and as a result, contribute to ecosystem processes. Salinity stress conditions undoubtedly limit ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2014.899964
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Second generation biofuel production depends on lignocellulosic (LC) biomass transformation into simple sugars and their subsequent fermentation into alcohols. However, the main obstacle in this process is the efficient breakdown of the recalcitrant cellulose to sugar monomers. Hence, efficient feedstock pretreatment ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.843069
更新日期:2015-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The enzyme α-galactosidase (α-D-galactoside galactohydrolase; EC 3.2.1.22) catalyzes the hydrolysis of α-1,6-linked galactose residues in oligosaccharides and polymeric galactomannan. The α-galactosidases are of particular interest in view of their many potential biotechnological and medical applications. These enzyme...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.794124
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Cypripedium orchids have high horticultural value. The populations of most species are very geographically restricted and they are becoming increasingly rare due to the destruction of native habitats and illegal collection. Reduction of the commercial value through large-scale propagation in vitro is a preferable opti...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.841117
更新日期:2014-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biosensor technology began in the 1960s to revolutionize instrumentation and measurement. Despite the glucose sensor market success that revolutionized medical diagnostics, and artificial pancreas promise currently the approval stage, the industry is reluctant to capitalize on other relevant university-produced knowle...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2013.790339
更新日期:2014-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Chitosan, copolymer of glucosamine and N-acetyl glucosamine is mainly derived from chitin, which is present in cell walls of crustaceans and some other microorganisms, such as fungi. Chitosan is emerging as an important biopolymer having a broad range of applications in different fields. On a commercial scale, chitosa...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2012.717217
更新日期:2013-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::In recent years, the advances in microbiology show that biofilms are structurally complex, dynamic and adaptable systems including attributes of multicellular organisms and miscellaneous ecosystems. One may distinguish between beneficial and harmful biofilms appearing in daily life as well as various industrial proces...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2012.679250
更新日期:2013-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::The availability of binders to different functional domains of the same protein or to physiologically co-operating proteins allows for the simultaneous inhibition of independent downstream signaling pathways. This multi-target approach represents a promising therapeutic strategy, as demonstrated in the case of the syn...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2012.665353
更新日期:2013-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Salt-tolerant plants grow in a wide variety of saline habitats, from coastal regions, salt marshes and mudflats to inland deserts, salt flats and steppes. Halophytes living in these extreme environments have to deal with frequent changes in salinity level. This can be done by developing adaptive responses including th...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2011.630647
更新日期:2012-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biogas technology provides an alternative source of energy to fossil fuels in many parts of the world. Using local resources such as agricultural crop remains, municipal solid wastes, market wastes and animal waste, energy (biogas), and manure are derived by anaerobic digestion. The hydrolysis process, where the compl...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2011.595384
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many reporter genes, such as gfp, gusA, and lacZ, are widely used for research into plants, animals, and microorganisms. Reporter genes, which offer high levels of sensitivity and convenience of detection, have been utilized in transgenic technology, promoter analysis, drug screening, and other areas. Directed molecul...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2011.593503
更新日期:2012-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Plant based medicines have gained popularity worldwide due to their almost negligible side effects. In India, the three traditional medicinal systems, namely homeopathy, Ayurveda and Siddha rely heavily on plants for medicinal formulations. To prevent the indiscriminate collection of these valuable medicinal plants an...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2011.551872
更新日期:2012-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Lactic acid, an anaerobic product of glycolysis, can be theoretically produced by synthetic route; however, it is commercially produced by homo-fermentative batch mode of operations. Factors affecting its production and strategies improving it are considered while devising an optimized protocol. Although a hetero-ferm...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388550903420970
更新日期:2011-03-01 00:00:00
abstract::Calf rennet, which consists of over 90% chymosin, is commonly used in cheese industries for the curdling of milk. Various animal, plant and microbial sources have been exploited as possible alternatives to calf rennet. The coagulating properties of the enzymatic preparations (coagulants) from these sources differ in t...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388551.2010.483459
更新日期:2010-12-01 00:00:00
abstract::Microorganisms produce biosurfactant (BS)/bioemulsifier (BE) with wide structural and functional diversity which consequently results in the adoption of different techniques to investigate these diverse amphiphilic molecules. This review aims to compile information on different microbial screening methods, surface act...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388550903427280
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Alginate has been widely used in various applications since its first extraction. What makes this biopolymer useful is its high biocompatibility and humid gelation conditions. Both of these features bring it into prominence as an ideal immobilization material. However, there are some complicated aspects of cell immobi...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388550903451652
更新日期:2010-06-01 00:00:00
abstract::Heavy metals are found in their different forms in the environment. The distribution, mobility, and toxicity of metals are strongly related to these different forms. This necessitates the exploration of different methods for the remediation and speciation of heavy metals. Some direct and indirect physico-chemical meth...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388550903284462
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The role of selenium (Se) in human health and diseases has been discussed in detail in several recent reviews, with the main conclusion being that selenium deficiency is recognised as a global problem which urgently needs resolution. Since selenium content in plant-based food depends on its availability from soil, the...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550802658030
更新日期:2009-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::The acetic acid bacteria (AAB) have important roles in food and beverage production, as well as in the bioproduction of industrial chemicals. In recent years, there have been major advances in understanding their taxonomy, molecular biology, and physiology, and in methods for their isolation and identification. AAB ar...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550802046749
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Global gel-free proteomic analysis by mass spectrometry has been widely used as an important tool for exploring complex biological systems at the whole genome level. Simultaneous analysis of a large number of protein species is a complicated and challenging task. The challenges exist throughout all stages of a global ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550802543158
更新日期:2008-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Vitamin C (L-ascorbic acid; AsA) is the major soluble antioxidant found in plants and is also an essential component of human nutrition. Although numerous biotechnological methods have been exploited to increase its yield, pressures such as commercial competition and environmental concerns make it urgent to find a new...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550701503626
更新日期:2007-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Semisynthetic cephalosporins are important antibacterials in clinical practice. Semisynthetic cephalosporins are manufactured by derivatizing 7-aminocephalosporanic acid (7-ACA) and its desacetylated form. Microbial enzymes such as D-amino acid oxidase, glutaryl-7-ACA acylase and cephalosporin esterase are being used ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550600718630
更新日期:2006-04-01 00:00:00
abstract::With more and more plastics being employed in human lives and increasing pressure being placed on capacities available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years. This review looks at the technological adv...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550500346359
更新日期:2005-10-01 00:00:00
abstract::Many algae have immense capability to sorb metals, and there is considerable potential for using them to treat wastewaters. Metal sorption involves binding on the cell surface and to intracellular ligands. The adsorbed metal is several times greater than intracellular metal. Carboxyl group is most important for metal ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550500248571
更新日期:2005-07-01 00:00:00
abstract::Starting with a brief history of solid-state fermentation (SSF), major aspects of SSF are reviewed, which include factors affecting SSF, biomass, fermentors, modeling, industrial microbial enzymes, organic acids, secondary metabolites, and bioremediation. Physico-chemical and environmental factors such as inoculum typ...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.1080/07388550590925383
更新日期:2005-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Biocatalysis in non-aqueous media has undergone tremendous development during the last decade, and numerous reactions have been introduced and optimized for synthetic applications. In contrast to aqueous enzymology, biotransformations in organic solvents offer unique industrially attractive advantages, such as: drasti...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:
更新日期:2003-01-01 00:00:00
abstract::Recombinant DNA technology enables the creation of well-defined alterations in the genetic material of an organism. Methods to manipulate recombinant DNA in the filamentous fungi (a group of microorganisms that includes species of academic as well as commercial interest) have recently been developed. This has been the...
journal_title:Critical reviews in biotechnology
pub_type: 杂志文章,评审
doi:10.3109/07388558709089387
更新日期:1987-01-01 00:00:00